Space Tourism: A Look In The Past And Future

Space Tourism: A Look In The Past And Future Space tourism is tourism in which participants pay for flights into space. Space Tourism is the term thats come to be used to mean ordinary members of the public buying tickets to travel to space and back. Many people find this idea futuristic. But over the past few years a growing volume of professional work has been done on the subject, and its now clear that setting up commercial space tourism services is a realistic target for business today. Its a distinct category of space travel which also includes travel in space for work purposes to date, mainly by government staff. In recent years it has been observed that, although governmental space agencies are not interested in space tourism, it is an objective of development of space activities and will help considerably in funding the space operations or activity. A report published by NASA General Public Space Travel and Tourism in March 1998, endorses the idea of space tourism; pointed out that it is going to start sub-orbital flights; that it promises to be a much wider market that space launch. Although space tourism had come up in a number of science fiction stories, it is an astonishing fact that in almost none of them, tourism is portrayed as more than a small-scale activity greatly overshadowed by government space missions military operations, scientific research, defence, etc. This is a good example of how the Cold War pattern of space activities has paralyzed the publics imagination. That is, government organizations carrying out monopoly missions in space ostensibly for the benefit of the taxpayer and created a fixed image of what are space activities, which has dominated the imaginations of scientists and engineers, politicians, the media, and the general public for several decades. The price for a flight to the International Space Station is US$ 20-35 million. The space tourists or the spaceflight participants as called by few, usually sign contracts with third parties to conduct particular research while in orbit. This helps to minimize the expenses. Infrastructure is being developed for a suborbital space tourism industry through the construction of spaceports in various parts of the world, including California, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Florida, Virginia, Alaska, Wisconsin and Esrange in Sweden as well as the United Arab Emirates. Some prefer to use the term personal spaceflight as in the case of the Personal Spaceflight Federation. A number of startup companies have sprung up in recent years, hoping to create a space tourism industry. For a list of such companies, and the spacecraft they are currently building, see list of space tourism companies. Russia halted orbital space tourism since 2010 due to the increase in the International Space Station crew size, using the seats for expedition crews that would be sold to paying spaceflight participants. However it is planned to resume in 2012, when the number of single-use three-man Soyuz launches rises to five flights in a year. Dispute over the terminology of space tourists Dennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Gregory Olsen, Anousheh Ansari and Richard Garriott have conveyed their desire to be called something other than space tourist. The reason accorded was that they carried out scientific experiments as part of their journey. Garriott has expressed his opinion to be called as private cosmonaut or private astronaut. Tito prefers to be known as an independent researcher and there are many terminologies proposed by others as well. Charles Simonyi is the only one who seems to have no issues about calling it space tourism. However, it is important to note here that even the Outer Space Treaty or the other relevant conventions do not provide with an appropriate definition. NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency have agreed to use the term spaceflight participant to distinguish space travelers from astronauts on missions coordinated by the two agencies. There is a notion that space tourism has a potential of being burgeoning industry that could further the development and settlement of space and so a need to settle the objections on terminology. Growth of an Early Dream: Harnessing Potential The economic promise of space tourism has been discussed in some detail in earlier papers. Its potential to grow into a large-scale airline-like business was described in 1986  [1]  . Based on a wide range of related research that has been published in the intervening 20 years, the potentially important economic benefits were described with detailed supporting evidence in 2006  [2]  . The major points are summarized briefly here. The 2001 orbital flight by Dennis Tito on a Soyuz rocket demonstrated the remarkable fact that, despite having spent the equivalent of $1 trillion since the same type of rocket launched the first satellite in 1957, the government space agencies of the OECD have not reduced the cost of getting to space at all in half a century. Soyuz remains the cheapest and safest means of space travel. The 2004 flights of SpaceShipOne further demonstrated that sub-orbital flights could be made at a cost of about 1% of the expendable rockets used by space agencies, and that commercial passenger services could in principle have started in the early 1970s, if not earlier. From the economic point of view this would have been very desirable, creating new industries and employment. Consequently it is clear that governments space policies have been responsible for a delay of 40 years so far in exploiting space travel economically. Studies by Asford and Collins  [3]  , the Japanese Rocket Society ( JRS)  [4]  , the Space Transportation Association (STA) and NASA  [5]  , Ashford  [6]  , Bekey  [7]   Futron (for NASA)  [8]  and others have increasingly showed that space travel could grow into a large new business activity; that it could reduce the cost of traveling to orbit by 99% or more; and that this could lead on to other valuable activities such as CO2-free energy supply from space  [9]  . Reducing launch costs sharply would also enable large-scale economic development in space, contributing greatly to the resolution of global environmental problems, and removing the justification for resource wars by making the limitless resources of space economically accessible. It could also have important cultural benefits  [10]  . It is also important to recognize that, from an economic or business point of view, the space industry is today very unhealthy. Employment in rocket engineering in the USA fell from more than 28,000 in 1999 to less than 5,000 in 2002  [11]  , while European space industry employment fell by 20% from 1995 to 2005  [12]  . The bottom line is that, like any other industry, unless the space industry starts to supply services that can grow to be sufficiently popular with sufficiently large numbers of the general public to reach substantial economic scale, it cannot become a major commercial activity, and will continue to impose a heavy burden on taxpayers. Accruing Benefits: Advantages Research benefits For one it is an important to discuss as to why so much emphasis is given on space tourism and the purpose of space tourism. Space development, exploration as well as cultural renewal is the prospect of space tourism. The Space agencies have sufficient justification to contribute greatly to the development of space tourism, since it is their existing legal responsibility or the duty to encourage the commercial use of space. Such agencies could contribute in different ways which are closely related to their existing fields of work, which include appropriate research, technology development, education, and legal activities. The space agencies could possibly contribute through their research to short-term orbital stays by average people, treatment of minor-ailments in gravity and so on.  [13]   Till date no government space agency has provided more than minimal support for space tourism-related research, the resistance within space agencies is still far stronger than those favoring such efforts. This reluctance of government space agencies has adversely affected the budgets allocated to such activities which include space tourism. However, this situation is fast changing due to two ongoing trends. First is the worsening economic situation which has led to the increasing need for development of new industries to reduce world-wide unemployment. Thus there is a lot of economic potential in such commercial activities which should be beneficially utilized.  [14]   And secondly the participation of private players in space tourism activities is educating the public about such economically very valuable new space activities that could be developed without burdening space agencies budgets. Economic benefits Under democracy and capitalism, if there is substantial demand for a particular service which is not threatening to some sections of society, people and agencies freely supply it. However, the development of commercial space activities like space tourism services will provide great economic and social benefits for humanity than any business opportunity because of its potential to grow as large as aviation and even more.  [15]   It has been reported that many of those involved in government-funded space activities and also politicians view space tourism as a waste of money and resources or not worth investing in because the return on investment may be very low.  [16]  Tragically, space agencies themselves rather than the general public decide what technology is developed. As a result space activities remain a burden on taxpayers instead of a source of profit for the economy and the public loses interest in any kind of space development. This is a serious fallacy because in future such space tourism services have the potential to become a popular new branch of the leisure and travel industry with the help of advanced aerospace technology, the economic effects of the growth of such activities will be very positive, not only for companies but also for world economic progress and society as a whole. Moreover under its influence, space development will resume its natural meaning of economic development in space, instead of its present meaning of development of government-selected technology and there use in space, generally without economic benefit. Challenges Confronting Space Tourism Commercial space activities today are mainly limited to communications, broadcasting and observation satellites. The decline in the commercial demand for satellites has lead to contraction of the commercial space industry and also to the need to develop new space markets if the space industry is to grow. Since there is no other space activity that offers any greater potential for growth, space agencies anti-space tourism stand is growing increasingly untenable. Thus in line we have certain challenges that again pose a threat to the development and growth of space tourism. Cost is one of the biggest challenges as such space travel by tourists is limited only to rich people till now. OECD space agencies have spent approximately $1 trillion since 1961 without any reduction in the cost of getting to space at all. This clearly reveals that space agencies have not been trying to cut the cost of getting to space. The fact is that the space agencies do not know how the cost of space flight can fall, because they have not studied the possibility. This strongly suggests that the cost of access to space as performed by space agencies in orders of magnitude is higher than it needs to be.  [17]  As further evidence of this, NASA is proposing to expend $14 billion for developing an expendable capsule of comparable capability to the Apollo capsule 40 years before, though possibly carrying more passengers. This vehicle would have a cost many times high er than Soyuz and would have no economic value.  [18]   As a consequence, unless they accept that there is an urgent need to reduce costs as far as technology allows, and to observe space tourism as the only activity that offers to link the economic energy of consumer spending on space development, space agencies role in the future development and exploration of space is likely to shrink progressively. Ultimately, by reducing the cost of space activities, the development of space travel will lead to the permanent and progressive expansion of human culture into space However; this will also require institutional change. As already discussed that space agencies focus more on development of satellites and the recent decline of commercial demand for satellites has led to rapid contraction of the space industry, of which the annual revenues are now barely 2% of the $1 trillion of cumulative expenditure made by OECD space agencies to date.  [19]  Thus it has become a strong notion that the agencies spend every year on space activities which are neither profitable nor lead to development of commercial space activities. In summary, space agencies negative stance is not economically justifiable; it is based on political calculation. Thus any kind of political considerations as well as stance of politicians play a vital role in discouraging such activities. So all this needs to change and the space agencies should remember their statutory responsibilities. Insurance Industry and Space Activities Linked As space tourism matures, it shows a picture of tremendous opportunity for insurance companies to offer coverage to space travelers, a much similar activity to what they carry out in airlines. Neither in space law or air law has the contract of insurance been regulated on an international level. Space Insurance has, however been available from private sources from a number of years. Space Insurance concerns especially communication satellites. The first insurance satellite contract, written for Intesats Early Bird in 1965, provided pre launch coverage. Pre-launch coverage will cover risk associated with the manufacturing and transport of satellites, but cover for the launch itself is also available. The two forms may include the risk of loss or damage to the space object and the risk of loss or damage to the on-board equipment. Regarding the insurance of spacecraft, I would like observe the following: insurers play a very important role, reducing the financial risk, which will make p arties more willing to finance spacecraft. The problem is that the companies would like to see the result first  [20]  . International conference on space business, was organized as part of Bengaluru Space Expo 2010, where speakers scrutinized that since Yuri Gagarins flight in 1961, 38 citizens from all over the globe have flown in space. Most of the individuals till date who have flown either were astronauts, military personnel or scientists who have been expensively and extensively trained, but as of now, one will also see the emergence of space tourism with space access for private individuals. S Ramakrishnan, Director of ISROs Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, said that apart from satellite and space launching sector, personal space flights, space tourism and other space tourism activities are emerging as a possible market for insurance industry. Ramakrishnan referred to the successful Spaceship-I venture, and the Spaceship-II which is expected to take place shortly. These initiatives are currently being catered to only select people who enjoy the adventure spirit; they are perhaps paving the way for possible sub-orbital trans-atmospheric passenger and cargo transportation systems with commercial potential in not too distant future. At a session on risk management for space ventures, it was pointed out that risk cover in space tourism is possible, and something we can imagine. It was also pointed by Ramakrishnan as to the change in policy direction in USA-NASA in handing over of the earth orbit transportation sector to private sector, which has also been taking separate and promotional initiatives in this regard. As space tourism matures into personal space transportation system, it can be foreseen that what happened in beginning of the airline business (when insurance players started offering insurance cover for passengers) is taking the same turn in space tourism. Executive vice-president of ISB, Tim Wakeman, speaking on risk and insurance solutions for space ventures in the 21st century, said, within India, the space industry is thriving and contributing around `10,000 crore(`100 billion) per annum to the Indian economy. He said it is a good time to buy insurance for spacecraft as market conditions are favorable with premium rates declining and availability of insurance capacity is going up three-four times the demand. While space venture promises huge returns with an evolving sector, the execution risks are far too high. Risks involved in space sector are related to industrial, technological, commercial, financial, legal and in particular, insurance. Officials said that the time is ripe to share the risks and returns with other stakeholders who plan to enter business in space activities. Also it was said that despite the recent economic depression, the global space industry remains robust and healthy, United States decision to emphasize on commercial resupply of the International Space Station and reallocation of fiscal resources from Space Shuttle or manned space to earth observations and exploration. Indias space industry is registering explosive growth, with many opportunities for indigenous and foreign suppliers to help further develop the countrys communications and positioning, among other things. The above statement was made by Tom Captain, vice-chairman, Deloitte LLP, Global Aerospace Defence Sector Leader. A report released by CII-Antrix-Deloitte during the conference said the spending in space activities is expected to increase by an average of 14.8 per cent annually in India over the next four years and estimated to be `10,000 crore (`100 billion) by 2014. India is ranked sixth currently; globally in terms of technological capabilities and space budget, behind the US, Europe, Japan, Russia and China, as mentioned in a New India Space Market Study. Legal Regulations concerning Commercial Activities in space In near future space tourism will become the domain of private enterprises. However, commercial activities not necessarily need non-governmental or private participation. But for some reason it is the private enterprises that have supported the idea of space tourism until now. Space Tourism revolves around public interest and public welfare which in turn creates a tremendous need for manpower. Thus the states should support and provide adequate platform to private enterprises. Now a big that follows is which law will govern such private enterprises carrying out such activities. National law and International law both can be made applicable. Here we will be focusing only on international regulations that govern such entities. However, this takes place in an indirect way i.e. government and non-government bodies sometimes delegate certain tasks on private enterprise, Therefore the legal conditions regarding private activities in outer space have to be examined. Relevant Space Law treaties, Agreement and Conventions. Outer Space Treaty of 1967 The Outer Space Treaty is taken as the backbone of international space law. When the said Treaty was created and came to force there was no clue as to direct private activities in outer space. Nevertheless the Outer Space Treaty does not disregard private activities in outer space altogether. Art. VI and IX of Outer Space Treaty can be referred in this context. Moreover Art. I of the treaty mention the freedom principle and include the right of free access, the right of free exploration, and the right of free use. This freedom is only granted to the States.  [21]   United Nations has also deliberated on this issue through its resolution 1962(XVIII) of the General Assembly entitled Declaration on Legal Principles Governing Activities of States in the exploration and use of Outer Space. On the same lines Soviets have also proposed that all activities of any kind pertaining to the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out solely and exclusively by States.  [22]   The Outer Space Treaty also stipulates the principle of exploration and use of outer space and so space tourism comes within the scope of use in this context. It is important to note here that no provision in the treaty mentions commercial. Art. VIII of Outer Space Treaty gives jurisdiction, ownership and control over the space object and its personnel in outer space into states hands. Although the Outer Space Treaty mainly discusses States Parties it has a ruling effect on such activities by private enterprises. Art. VI of Outer Space Treaty stipulates a national State responsibility for outer-space-activities carried either by a governmental or private organization.  [23]  Thus risks of space tourism could finally fall on states and they can be held liable. Such a legal situation is not satisfying for the State Parties or for the private enterprises engaged in space tourism. Liability Convention The Liability Convention was created as a consequence of Art. VI Outer Space Treaty i.e. the responsibility-principle. Art. II of the Liability Convention makes the launching state absolutely liable to pay compensation for any kind of damage caused by its space object on the earth surface or to aircraft in flight.  [24]  Article III of liability convention and IV of Outer Space Treaty provide that if the damage is caused elsewhere other than the surface of the earth, the launching state shall be only liable in case the damage is due to its fault or the fault of persons for whom it is responsible which covers non-governmental entities as well. The launching state is absolutely liable and is liable in different degrees of fault, but in final consequence the state is liable for damage caused by a private enterprise.  [25]   This adversely affects space tourism as the states refuse to allow private enterprises to perform space tourism, or that states set up exaggerated requirements. However, the Liability Convention must be considered as insufficient with regard the aspect of settlement of claims. Therefore it is suggested that the potentially unlimited liability of states mentioned in liability convention should be replaced by an international agreement that stipulates a limited and guaranteed maximum-amount-liability for such activities. Registration Convention 1975 The Registration Convention has two main functions i.e. to coordinate launches and to ensure identification of the launching state in respect of the Liability Convention. Private enterprises that want to carry out space tourism have to comply with this procedure. The problem occurs when a launching state is not a Member State of the Registration Convention. Thus this problem needs to be resolved for avoiding any kind of conflict.  [26]   Further in line we have the Moon Agreement and the Rescue Agreement that can also be referred while dealing with the legal issues involved in space tourism. Taking into consideration the present situation where there is no specific law that deals particularly with space tourism and at the same time presence of insufficient laws on outer space make the situation worse. Thus there is an immediate need to enact legislation for commercial activities in outer space such that states supervise the outer-space-activities of their governmental organizations or private enterprises. Another solution is to create an international treaty that grants an equal standardization and leads to more transparency and reliability for private enterprises in space tourism or any other commercial activity in outer space. Environment concerns Environmental concerns in case of space tourism cannot be avoided and is a big area of concern. Space-touristic traffic can have an effect on the environment on earth. However, newly-developed transport-systems which resemble more like aircrafts will work more efficiently and therefore less polluting. Art. IX of Outer Space Treaty also talks about the preservation of celestial bodies environment that might be interfered by space tourism. Accumulation of debris can also pollute the outer space environment.  [27]   Thus keeping in mind the common-heritage-principle space tourism has to comply with environmental standards. Conclusion Humans have outgrown the Earth several decades ago. Now it is time to correct the view that deceived both government and the public into believing the myth that space is a barrier rather than being full of opportunities. There are prospects in future for the start of sub-orbital passenger space flight operations from newly- developed commercial spaceports. Thus in order to maximize the benefits of this opportunity the public in many countries have to compel their governments to make relevant institutional changes which are needed to overcome the long stagnation of space activities maintained by the space agencies only and their clients who profit from present arrangements. Space tourism contains aspects of space transportation, manned space flight, and commercialization of outer space. Considering the loopholes in the existing laws there is an immediate need for a regulation, be it a treaty, to deal and cover conflicts and disputes that may arise. On these lines, there have been efforts made to create an agreement, to mention one, e.g. the Draft Convention on Manned Space Flight. Moreover, the approach of international space law needs to be properly re-defined and reconsidered to enable private enterprises to directly perform such commercial activities. The time has come to recognize that, far from being an eccentric or even misguided fringe activity, space travel and tourism should already be the mainstream and it would have been but for the huge economic and social deviations caused by the cold war. But instead of being the passive victims of history specifically of unfortunate incidents such as the cold war which destroyed vast quantities of resources, killed millions of people, and seriously stunned the development of the space industry to turn the focus on missiles and expendable launch vehicles developed from them. Initially this increased the rate of development of expendable rockets capable of delivering heavy payloads to orbit, and thereby increased the rate of first crewed flights to orbit. The after effect of this, was, that, civilian space activities based on expendable vehicles became a victim of cold war politics, and are still dominated by government space agencies political agendas, rather than generating economic value. The growth of Space Tourism Movement, which can be reasonably called so, is going to have a huge beneficial cultural effect, which will widen human horizons as appropriate for the 21st century. Under its influence, space development is going to resume its original meaning of economic development in space, instead of its present meaning of development of government-selected technology for use in space, generally without economic benefit. And the space age will have its original meaning of the period when people go to space as passengers, customers, employees, operators, managers and tenants but for government employees. As such, tourism is not going to be just a small part of future space activity, a small-scale activity even made smaller by government space agencies it is going to be the mainstream and highlighted space activity. Already it should have been the main focus of the government agencies by now. It is an extraordinary and a non performing idea that private citizens trave ling to and from space should not be the main activity in space. The idea that government knows better than the general public as to how their money should be spent is fundamentally a Soviet one  [28]  . But even after consuming $1 trillion on government space activities with no commensurate economic benefit to taxpayers, it is high time for the general public to insist that this mistaken policy be reframed and their demands be made significant to space development, as they are in aviation industry. Research Methodology: Impact of US Press on Pakistan Research Methodology: Impact of US Press on Pakistan CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY APPROACHES Qualitative Qualitative research is exploratory, and it is used when we don’t know what to suppose, to describe the problem or develop a slant to the problem. It’s also used to go deeper into issues of interest and explore tones related to the problem at hand. Common data collection methods used in qualitative research is focus groups, in-depth interviews, continuous observation, bulletin boards, and ethnographic contribution/observation. Qualitative methods that pronounce the properties of an event associated to the creator, or by using the expressive interpretations of ironic experience. Qualitative researchers, through the participants own reference frame social phenomenon is dedicated to considerate and investigation of how the world experience. Qualitative methods is a basic feature of human communication language will persist and as close as possible to the interpretation and understanding of a key in the map. Common qualitative methods, participatory action research, interview, observation, and qualitative case study (Evans, 2007). QuantitativeQuantitative research is conclusive research in its determination as it attempts to measure the problem and understand how predominant it is by looking for projectable results to a larger population. In Quantitative research we collect data through surveys (online, phone, paper), assessments, points of consumption and click-streams. Quantitative research is systematic empirical study of social phenomena through statistical, numerical data or computational techniques, and mathematical. The determination of quantitative research is to produce and apply mathematical models, theories and/or assumptions pertaining to phenomena. In quantitative research procedure of measurements necessary because it creates the association among empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Quantitative data is every data that is in mathematical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. (Lisa, 2008). In the field of media studies, analysis of framing can be a place where discourse analysis and content analysis, typically by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. (Neuendorf, 2002). In fact, main purpose of this study is to investigate the US Policy towards Pakistan and India and framing in American newspapers therefore researcher used qualitative as well as quantitative approach to analyze the inclination of US press towards Pakistan and India in the selected newspapers. For this purpose researcher used content analysis as method of study. Qualitative content analysis is a difficult and critical procedure for examining or evaluating the written material. This means that results covering a wide range of qualities have been attained using the method.Content analysis is a broadly used qualitative research technique. (Potter Levine-Donnerstein, 1999;Sandelowski, 1995a, Hsiehand Shannon, 2005) Content Analysis: Content analysis is a quantitative, systematic, and objective technique for describing the evident content of communications (Berelson, 1952). RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study will examine the inclusion of American press towards Pakistan and India in the US Editorial study, Studied the two leading US Newspapers the New York Times and the Washington Post. The reasons for the selection of these newspapers are the prestigious and leading newspapers of US. It is also said that these newspaper are the medium of expression of the American policy. Both newspapers have a strong professional reputation covering almost all of the important issues of the country as well as the important issues of the world. The main questions of the Study are: What are the impacts of the American press relevant to the Issues of Pakistan in their inclination towards India? What are the impacts of the American press related to the Issues in Pakistan in their inclination towards Pakistan? Research Design Hansen Cottle (1998) propose that researchers should not only consider which the most appropriate method for their study is but also what combination of research methods might produce a better and deeper understanding of it. The aim should always be to choose those methods, or combination of methods, which can elaborate the most angles and dimensions of what are invariably multidimensional and complex processes and phenomena (Hansen, A. Cottle, S. 1998). Keeping in view the nature and requirement of this study, content analysis, the study is mainly a content analysis, which observed both qualitatively and quantitatively the Inclusion of American press towards Pakistan and India In some issues in The â€Å"New York Times â€Å"and the â€Å"Washington Post† Last 3 Years Water issue Indo-Pak peaceful relations (Trade, Showbiz, Sports) Kashmir issue Gas Pipeline Nuclear power Terrorism Others/ Miscellaneous 4. Methodology Content analysis method is adopted to conduct this study because having limited time or resources researcher only can manage to observe the newspapers, other methods for this study are more time and resources consuming. Content analysis produces a relatively systematic and comprehensive summary of overview of the data set as whole, sometimes incorporating a quantitative element. (Reference) Content AnalysisBernard Berelson defined Content Analysis as a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of manifest content of communications (Berelson, 74). Content analysis is a method for scientifically exploring written, oral or pictorial communication. It provides a quantitative (numerical) explanation. Many content analyses comprise media print (newspapers, magazines), video, movies, television, the Internet. Holsti (1969) compromises a comprehensive definition of content analysis as, any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages (p. 14). Kerlinger (1986) has defined it as; content analysis is a method of studying and analyzing communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables, (cited in Wimmer, 1994:163-164) Content of the two newspapers, New York Times and Washington Post analyzed for this study for three year. (From January 2011 to December 2013) because data availability is possible in these years relevant to my topic that’s why I choice that specific time period. The reasons for the selection of these newspapers are the prestigious newspapers of US and also the medium of expression of the American policy. Both newspapers have a strong professional reputation covering almost all of the important issues of the country as well as the important issues of the world. The content analysis of the editorial is the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Rationale for the Selection of the Two Newspapers† Ho (1962) defines prestige newspapers by two standards: (a) Quality of news reports; and (b) The influence on other media and political elites. According to this definition of prestige newspapers, The New York Times and The Washington Post are selected for this study both for quality and influence. According to Izadi (2007), The New York Times, and The Washington Post are deliberated prestige newspapers; and all two are amongst the main media outlets in the United States. He transcripts that these are also leading newspapers regarding the coverage of international events. 1.2. Population and Sampling: Population: Population is the broad class of units that are to be covered in a hypothesis and it can also be defined as the units to which the findings of a specific study might be generalized (Neuman). Target population is the aggregation of units from which sample is actually selected Population for this study will be all the editorials published in The New York Times and The Washington Post three year. Sampling: â€Å"A sampling element is the unit of analysis or a case in a population† (Neuman). A process of drawing representative elements from the larger population or universe is called sampling. Obvious advantage of sampling is especially savings in time and money. (Cited in Khel, 2000:48) By using purposive sampling researcher will take only those editorials which are related to the issues of Pakistan mentioned above. The editorials of the New York Times and The Washington Post were rescued from the E-Newspapers. January 2011 to December 2013. Editorials are deliberated the official view of a newspaper. According to Henry and Tator (2002), editorial study verifies to be very important when analyzing the ideological role of news media. The data for this research study include all editorials using the word -Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in the headline or lead paragraph in the selected newspapers from Jan 2011 to Dec 2013. Each editorial was coded in terms of topic, frame, Slant and length. Sample Size In this study sample size mean editorials related to US foreign policy towards Pakistan and India in certain time period for analysis. Researcher selected the time period from January 2011 to December 2013 and selected Newspapers are the New York Times and The Washington Post. Unit of Analysis In this study unit of analysis is editorial because newspaper consists on many content. Therefore, researcher selected the particular unit for study. Also broad unit creates the problem for researcher as well as credibility and validity. Time period All the editorials of the above mentioned newspapers from January 2011 to December 2013 are used in this study. Categories and DirectionsThe categories are the heart of the content analysis. The collection of the data becomes possible and easy through the structure of the categories. A category in content analysis is a set of criteria or a measure, which are integrated round a theme or a value (Sarandakos, 1998: 281). These Categories are prepared for the current study the following categories are helped to find and investigate the US inclination towards Pakistan and India during the selected time period and also explore the relationship between both countries are positive or negative, favor or disfavor, foe or friend in the perspective of American press. The categories are following: A. Gas Pipeline B. Kashmir Dispute C. Pak-Indo Peace Relation D. Water Issue E. Nuclear Power F. Terrorism G. Others/ Miscellaneous The editorials regarding the above mentioned categories are treated to check the following directions: Positive/Supportive/ Favorable (+)Negative/Critical/ Unfavorable (-)Neutral (1)Favorable Any editorial is considered â€Å"Favorable† (+) if its stance is positive about Pak-India relations. Unfavorable Any editorial is considered as â€Å"Unfavorable†, (-) which is negative in tone or its stance is negative about Pak-India relations. Neutral Any editorial is deliberated as â€Å"neutral† (0) if the content of the editorial portrays faint highlighting of an issue or shows a balance of both positive and negative arguments regarding Pak-India relations. Issues descriptions: War on Terrorism:Terrorism was an old phenomenon. About last two to three decades ago, terrorism was generally arose due to native issues and accompanied by small groups that coveted to draw consideration to their origin through terrorist actions. It was formulated to finish a few but catch the attention of huge spectators. Currently, Terrorism is an ideologically driven phenomenon, its agenda is not bound to one country, and it is universal in charisma. The multinational flora of terrorism has led the governments to adopt new policies and improve collective regional efforts. After the 9/11 activity in America, the American administration stated an international war on terror, including open and secret military operations, new safety regulation, determinations to slab the financing of terrorism, and much more. America called all other countries to join this war against terrorism emphasizing that â€Å"either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. Most of the countries join this fight against terrorism, often implementing strict new laws, lifting long-standing legal protections and marching up native policing and intelligence work. Critics protest that the war against terrorism is an ideology of fear and repression that creates enemies and promotes violence rather than mitigating acts of terrorism and to strengthen the security. The global campaign has too often displaced an excuse for governments, opposition groups and ignores international law and civil liberties to be. Governments should combat terrorism through international cooperation with international law and respect for civil liberties and human rights. Governments should also consider the causes of terrorism, in particular political alienation address by prejudice, state-sponsored violence and poverty. Kashmir Dispute: Gas Pipeline Pak-Indo Peaceful Relation Nuclear Power Water Issue Others / Miscellaneous Operationalization 1.4. Data Analysis and Interpretation The following categories are to be analyzed for the study in hand where â€Å"A† represents â€Å"Nuclear Power† â€Å"B† represents â€Å"Kashmir Dispute† â€Å"C† represents â€Å"Pak-Indo Peaceful Relation† â€Å"D† represents â€Å"Water Issue† â€Å"E† represents â€Å"Gas Pipeline† â€Å"F† represents â€Å"Terrorism† â€Å"G† represents â€Å"others/ Miscellaneous†

Middle school Essay

â€Å"I want my child’s education to be holistic! † â€Å"I don’t like cramming and the loads of homework. † â€Å"I want my child to grow in a stress-free environment. † â€Å"The curriculum must stimulate reasoning and analytical skills. † At the beginning of every academic year this is what you hear from your parents. Newspaper and magazines highlight the stress and strain students undergo during examinations. Good as it may seem, this generate a false hope parents have woken up to view education from a different dimensions. It makes educator believe that they do not want to support a system that evaluates a child’s potential through marks and grades. The success of every child initially depends on parents only. But unfortunately parents suddenly realize the importance of exams, results, percentage and college admissions and begin to rethink and re-valuate their personal convictions. Then they say :†I must prepare my child to enter this competitive world†. â€Å"I must help my child to succeed in life†. What is this success they talk about? Is it a fulfillment of the child’s dream ? Have they channelled the child’s talents to achieve? Instead they run from pillar to post collecting question papers and application forms for all the competitive exams. There is no time to consider what the child wants and need. Children are not perceived as individual. Schools become factories churning out prize commodities. As long as parents fail to consider their children as growing individual with aspirations and talents, institutions will continue to capitalize on mass production. No doubt education is a necessity, but what do you want your child to be? Surely, not automatons and generators of wealth. The goal is to develop them into thinking individuals. Only then will we see change. It is the duty of educationists and the governing bodies to give a new meaning, a new direction and strike a new path towards a meaningful education. This is the foundation for a generation of sensitive and cultured human beings. I think this speech will bring a change in parents mind about child’s problems about their life. Thank you 2: A Parent’s Role in Education Home Education Parents have a vital role in their child’s education. By taking a few simple steps at home, you can help them enjoy school more, improve their studying and homework skills and prepare for college. The articles in this category, A Parent’s Role in Education, are full of tips on to help them with their schoolwork, such as creating a positive learning environment to making learning fun. There are also articles on warning signs to help you identify potential learning or school problems. A Parent’s Role in Education Nothing helps a child succeed like an involved parent. A little willingness from a child’s parents can work wonders in the classroom. Read on to learn more about your role as a parent in the education of your child. Creating a Positive Home Learning Environment Your child needs a special place to call their own. Setting aside a room or nook in your home dedicated to your child’s education will show him or her that you’re serious about their education. Read on to learn more about creating a positive†¦ Evaluating Educational Resources on the Web There are many options available when looking for additional educational help online for your child. An awareness of the costs, services, advantages and disadvantages is crucial. Read on to learn how you can best evaluate educational resources†¦ Improving Your Child’s Grades Parents play an important role in a child’s education. This article examines some very simple things you can do every day provide your child with the support and encouragement they need to take on the challenge of improving their grades. Improving your Child’s Study Habits Learning skills need to be fostered at home. This article provides tips for parents who want to create a home environment that will help their children develop and maintain positive study habits. Preparing a Child for High School The transition from middle school to high school can be challenging and bewildering for some students. Parents can help make this period of great change easier on their children and themselves. Read on to learn more about preparing a child for†¦ Preparing a Child for Junior High School The transition from elementary to middle school or junior high is a difficult one, filled with new social and academic challenges. Here are some tips to help your child prepare for this big change. Reasons Your Child May Be Struggling in School Is your child struggling in school? This article details several of the common reasons why a child might fall behind in their studies — and what parents can do to help. Recognizing Student Struggles 1 of 7: The Importance of Identifying Warning Signs The first in a 7 part series, this feature stresses the importance of recognizing your child’s classroom difficulties and resolving them quickly. Read on to learn more about the importance of identify warning signs and recognizing student†¦ Recognizing Student Struggles 2 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Confidence Levels This article is the second in a seven part series aimed to help parents recognize the warning signs given off by struggling students. Read on to learn more about how you can remain aware of your child’s confidence level, and how you can help†¦ Recognizing Student Struggles 3 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Grades As part of the Recognizing Student Struggles series, this feature explains what a sudden decline in grades might say about a student’s curricular experience. It also offers suggestions for the most appropriate methods of correction should your†¦ Recognizing Student Struggles 4 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Attitude As part of the Recognizing Student Struggles series, this article explores the attitude changes to look for in struggling students and offers suggestions for improving a child’s educational experience. Recognizing Student Struggles 5 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Homework Is your child struggling with their homework. A new approach and an involved parent can work wonders for a child’s success in the classroom. This is the fifth article in the Recognizing Student Struggles series. Recognizing Student Struggles 6 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Class Standing This feature in the Recognizing Student Struggles series discusses the importance listening to your child’s teacher and making use of their feedback. It also highlights what can be done if you’re told that your child has fallen behind in his or†¦ Recognizing Student Struggles 7 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–(Lack of ) Determination This article (the last in the Recognizing Student Struggles series) explains several ways to assess a student’s progress and level of determination based on their responses to failure. The 28 educational standards of the state of New York The state of New York has 28 standards that guide elementary and middle school education. This article outlines those standards in detail. The Educational Advantages of Using Computers and the Internet Computer programs and the Internet create educational opportunities not available to previous generations. Read on to learn how modern technologies can become valuable educational tools. Transform Your Child’s Poor Report Card Have your child’s grades taken a turn for the worse? Did they just bring home their first poor report card? Don’t worry. Read on to learn more about how you can help your child transform his or her poor report card.

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Gates Essay Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Gates Essay Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist Parents must be at fault for providing a wholesome diet. They should talk to their children about drugs at a young age. In order to get children, both parents ought to be certified. Prospective parents ought to be asked to take parenting classes. A survival program should grow to be a must-have for each and every family in the event of natural disasters. At exactly the same time, quite a few studies show that marijuanain its healthcare formcan be beneficial for patients experiencing serious diseases, such as cancer. Biological weapons shouldn't be allowed. Research papers can be extremely time-consuming and absolutely exhausting if you select the incorrect topic. After the world was ignorant concerning the significance of computers he was the sole one who wrote software codes. There it is extremely important to recognize the chance and act towards it. Disadvantages of choosing a low-cost essay service Quality If you're opting for cheaper service, bear in mind that it might not be up to the mark. Pros of choosing an affordable essay service Availability Everywhere online, you can get one or other essay services. Drug addiction is something societies all around the world rarely tolerate. Descriptive Essay on Market can be employed by tourists or visitors that don't have any prior understanding of a marketplace. Drug consumption is always joined to the possibility of creating an addiction. By these means, Gates has managed to make sure the potency of operations at the organization. BillGates as a Visionary Leader Bill Gates is among the world best entrepreneurs along with a leader. He also wasn't afraid to take risks. Then, comes a hook intended to attract everybody's interest. Having found the side that you're standing for, you will need to be certain you fully grasp the perspective of the opposite side. When you are requested to select a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. As you already see from the aforementioned persuasive essay samples, these varieties of papers can be quite different. The output isn't the very same as input. In addition to the presentation document that could be a poster, power point presentation, or another type of visual text. In any case, it contributes to the crucial foundation for creating your own texts of distinct genres. When you're selecting an essay topic, it is necessary to pick one that has a lot of information and statistics to back up your viewpoint, nor exaggerate any info you have chosen to write about. When the research is ready, you might have many diverse elements to cover the topic. If you would like to get high excellent research and thesis papers in time and for a sensible price, you should probably try out using EssaySupply.com. There are several reasons as to why you might need to earn your order with argumentativeessaywriting.com. Utilizing a plagiarised content when paying less have zero meaning. To put the order with us, it's necessary for you to fill out the purchase form and tell us what exactly you have to be carried out. When the purchase form is finished, you need to proceed with payment using your charge card.

Elements Of Oral Tradition Ronald Reagan s A Time For...

Elements of Oral Tradition: Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"A Time for Choosing† As a child, being read fairytales each night before bed was my favorite part of the day. It is intriguing as an adult to learn and understand how these stories originated, and that once upon a time they were not written in books, but only spoken. Oral tradition is the original form of communication that is the foundation for our communication structure today. Long ago, the only way to receive, learn, and pass on information, art, ideas, and cultural knowledge was orally from generation to generation. Often times, the oral transmission is through a speech or song and is in a common form of folktale, ballad, or spoken poetry. With oral tradition, there was no writing system†¦show more content†¦Being a great public speaker, Ronald Reagan attacked all of the negative claims made about Goldwater, as well as directly laid out all of the positive reasons why the people of America should choose him for their next president. One of Reagan’s most abundant strengths in this spe ech is his initial connection with his audience. This is important being that, without an attentive audience, the performance will mean little. Bauman states that among the performance roles, the audience it equally as important as the performer (39). From the mere beginning of the speech, Reagan captivates the attention of the audience and proves to have essence among the people. He alludes that he is one of them. He once was a democrat who has now switched to the Republican Party and is using his talent for public speaking on behalf of Republican politicians. It is difficult to hold the attention of a crowd without consistently being relative. This speech is relevant to the audience in front of him, and they are dangling on by every word that Reagan is professing. It is evident that Reagan takes pleasure in being able to speak his mind and run wild with it, â€Å"but unlike most television programs, the performer hasn t been provided with a script. As a matter of fact, I have been permitted to choose my own words and discuss my own ideas regarding the choice that we face in theShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Christensen H A R VA R D B U S I N E S S R E V I E W P R E S S BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 100092 00 i-vi r1 rr.qxp 5/13/11 6:52 PM Page iv Copyright 2011 Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton M. Christensen All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesAll this business growth has caused increasing complexity in business action and decision making. It has presented chief executive officers (CEOs) and management leaders in all markets and industries with new intricacies in deciding how to weigh and time the business decisions—and the quality of those decisions—that increasingly challenge their companies’ basic survival. W HICH FACTORS HAVE DRIVEN 3 4 Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum: The Power of Management Capitol 1. New Management for Business

Literary Analysis Of Still I Rise - 788 Words

â€Å"Still I Rise†, written by African-American writer Maya Angelou, includes a character who rises â€Å"Up from a past that’s rooted in pain.† No matter what words are said against her, lies are told about her, threats are made towards her, or words are written against her, she takes the past and uses it to fuel her confidence. The way she writes creates a deep sense of pride and feeling, while giving the poem life and helping the audience realise that they, too can rise. The diction, literary devices, and theme help the speaker portray her feelings about the topic of oppression in her experience. The poem’s diction reflects the context and a confident, assertive tone. The speaker expresses a high level of self-respect and assurance. It includes†¦show more content†¦By using her own skills, the speaker shows that her people do have talents. In the last stanza, the speaker says â€Å"I am the dream and the hope of the slave.† After slavery was abolished, Black Americans had hope for the future. However, they soon realized: systemic oppression would keep them down. Nonetheless, the speaker still has hopes and dreams which are continued and pursued through herself. The poem does not only express the rising of the speaker alone, but also of the people she represents. Using the word â€Å"I† can also inspire those who are going through difficult situations. For example, someone who is being bullied is forced to repeat self-affirmations, which can make them feel more confident. The wording before the shift proves the same subject while deliberately avoi ding direct repetition. No matter what, her strength will never subside, and readers should feel the same. A variety of literary devices are used in this poem. After the shift, she repeats the phrase â€Å"I rise† for emphasis. Similes show how strong and persevering the speaker is. She compares herself to dust. No matter how many times you clean, dust will always come back. She even compares herself to the sun and moon, which surely rise each morning and night, to prove her confidence. The poem also uses hyperbole and personification. It says: â€Å"You may shoot me with your words,/You may cut me withShow MoreRelatedStill I Rise by Maya Angelou Literary Analysis Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesIn the poem ‘Still I Rise’ by Maya Angelou, the poet uses repetition, metaphors and similes to express to her audience about how she has overcome racism in her life through demonstrating a strong, proud and defiant attitude to inspire others. The poet uses repetition of the word ‘rise’ to show that she has overcome and risen above racism. In the line, ‘you may trod me in the very dirt but still, like dust ill rise’ it expresses to the reader one of the key ideas in her poem, that no matter howRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Literature And Literature873 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature has no set definition, mainly because throughout history writers, as well as literary historians have failed to construct an agreeable definition (Bressler 12). When one thinks of literature, he or she should think of literary criticism—different critical perspectives. Literary criticism requires readers to analyze literary texts with knowledge of theories. Thus, the next time one reads a text, he or she should first identify the theory that he or she plans to use. The theories representRead MoreAnalysis of the poem Still I Rise1268 Words   |  6 Pages2014 An Analysis of the poem Still I Rise by Maya Angelou African Americans have been oppressed for centuries. Despite this discrimination, people of this race have fought hard for their freedom and respect. This pursuit of equality is evident inMaya Angelou’s poem, â€Å"Still I Rise†. Angelou integrates numerous literary ideas such as various sounds, poetry forms, and key concepts.The poetic devices incorporated in Maya Angelou’s work, â€Å"Still I Rise†,heightens theRead MoreGender: Annotated Bibliography Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pages Mills, S. (2012). Gender Matters: Frminist Linguistic Analysis. London : Equinox. Gender Matters is a collection of various essays on feminist linguistic texts analysis, by Sara Mills. Mills develops methods of analyzing literary and non-literary texts, in addition to conversational analysis based on a feminist approach. The author draws on data from her collection of essays gathered over the last two decades on feminism during the 1990s. The essays focus on gender issues, the representation ofRead MoreEssay on Finding Meaning in For Color Girls1232 Words   |  5 Pagesend, they become good friends. I watched this movie because it was directed by Tyler Perry. I thought the movie was about women and their struggles to overcome them. Not much of that thinking has changed except now, with critical attitudes like the intrinsic and feminist literary theory analysis, the text has a broader meaning. For colored girls does not mean for black women only, it means for all women with beauty and different shades as they rise and take power. I am going to analyze this textRead MoreThe House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros766 Words   |  3 Pages I am writing a literary analysis on â€Å"The House on Mango Street† by Sandra Cisneros. This story takes place in the center of an over populated Latino neighborhood in Chicago, a city where many of the poor areas are ethnically segregated. This novella uses two main symbols shoes and trees. Later in the literary analysis I will explain what these mean to the main characters. There are three main characters in the novella Esperanza, Sally and Nenny (short for â€Å"Magdalena†). The House on Mango StreetRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Compared to The Sun Also Rises793 Words   |  3 Pages In this novel, even though characters are not poor, still, the only meaning of life they have left is wild and free lifestyle and love. Author also did not leave out the meaningless relationships to the society and conventions. One of the main characters, Jay Gatsby, a mysterious, wealthy man living in luxurious mansion in Long Island, throwing parties almost every weekend for people he doesn’t even know – â€Å"This is an unusual party for me. 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Granted Harry Potter is a series, but seven years is a long time for a book or literary piece to hold an entire world’s attention. American citizens become tired of a television series after

Recommendation Management and Staff Directory Free Essays

Recommendation Since, the problem at Sundale Club has begun when Ellis hired her close friend Chuck Johnson. Ellis action was bias when Havens reported about Johnson misbehavior, then after Haven was fired. Afterward the whole organization was in turmoil. We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendation: Management and Staff Directory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore the director of Sundale Clube should do something unless the organization will fall. There is several ways which would recover Sundale Club. 1). Restructure of staff directory. Look closely to Sundale Club staff directory, it is look very centralization which help Ellis, who has authority in important decision making on her department. Moreover Watts has lost his fire to run the Sundale Club. Nevertheless as the director Watts should done something to prevent the organization before he retire. Watts should changes the staff directory to, Board of director President VP Athletic VP Marketing VP Finance Manager Marketing Manager Finance Asst. Athletic Since Sundale Club is the largest athletic/social in the city. Centralization structure is not suitable for such large organization. Therefore Watts should change to decentralization; from this structure he can balance the power or authority among the top managers. Even though decentralization structure takes longer time on decision making, but it ensures that the organization will not go to the wrong path or fall into big problem as it was. 2). Hire new mangers or management’s team. As Sundale Club has changed its structure, next step, Sundale Club should recruit new management’s team. Watts might promote Carol and Ellis to the board director and he himself could take the president position as well. As social activities is the main income for the organization. Therefore social department Sundale can place it under marketing department. Sundale have to hire financial and marketing management teams. At athletic department, Sundale may put Pat in the VP athletic, since she has worked here for nine years, and Mercer may take the Haven position. Sundale should fire Johnson; because since he gets in the organization he makes his colleagues feel uncomfortable and most important is a lot of customers withdraw from being Sundale membership. 3). Rebuild the organization culture and gaining customers trust back. Sound difficult if Sundale have to rebuild its culture, but since Sundale has hire new management team, it’s become easier because new employees or managers do not know the Sundale culture yet. There for it is a good time to rebuild its culture. Moreover Sundale has to gain back its customers trust. Since there was a rumor about Johnson’s homosexual behavior in the organization and it will flow to the city too. How to cite Recommendation: Management and Staff Directory, Papers

Emotions In The Workplace And Its Effects †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Emotions In The Workplace And Its Effects. Answer: Introduction Personal emotions and feelings can have significant and long-lasting impacts upon the performance of an employee in the organization. Emotions can be defined as a strong feeling that a person feels in certain specific situations, circumstances or from the relationship with another person. Emotions are heavily influenced by the mood of a person and can vary significantly within a very short span of time. Emotions are among the defining traits of a human being and are made up of the feelings of a person rather than her or his thoughts (Ashkanasy Daus, 2002). An employees overall emotions and temperament have significant effects upon the persons decision making skills, leadership and performance in general. Interpersonal relationships among the employees also gets affected by the emotions that a person is feeling (Demerouti, Bakker Halbesleben 2015). However important are the emotions of the employee, they are almost always overlooked by the senior management or seldom discussed about the negative impacts of emotions on the productivity of the employees. This situation must be changed immediately and more emphasis must be put on the psychological wellbeing of an employee. There are several ways and strategies that can be adopted to make sure that the employees are giving their best and no emotional externalities are creating any problems for their work (Ashkanasy Daus, 2002). Employees are often required to provide for mental and physical services that are not part of their regular duties. In such cases, employees have to put in extra efforts. The following paper looks into the various aspects of emotion of a person and how may that be related to the workplace. Every person is faced with different conditions and situations in the workplace and this can severely affect the mood of the person, leading her or him to feel in many different ways. These moods and emotions, in turn, can affect the productivity levels of the employees at the workplace in either positiv e or negative manner, which is going to be discussed in the current paper along with the concepts of emotional labour. Employees are often burdened with the extra duties by the organisation itself or due to certain situations that may arise suddenly at the workplace, which may require them to feel strong emotions and this may also have effects on their behaviour. Such emotional labour can have seriously harmful effects on employees (Ashkanasy Daus, On Hochschild 2002). The following discussion looks into the emotional aspects of the employees and tries to establish a connection between the workplace productivity of an employee. Furthermore, the discussion also delves deeper into the aspect of how emotion affects the workplace productivity of the employees. The discussion uses the concepts of affective events theory (AET), that tries to explain the connections between emotions that an employee feels in the workplace and the level of job performances. It is a cause-effect relationship that is designed to portray the effects of job environment, the nature of the job and its demands and the required nat ure of emotional labour on the employee performance. Moreover, daily issues related to work and the current mood of the employee may also have positive or negative effects on the employees. Motivations of a person often decide how will the person behave and how effective will the results of the employees actions be for the benefit of the organization. It has been observed that an organization which has relaxed and mentally stable employees, who experience positive emotions, generate better profit results (Barsade Gibson, 2007). Most organizations rely on a strict work culture and norm, which is always making its decisions based on the market condition and not being more customer-oriented. A growing quantity of psychological researches has shown that this market condition focused decision making may actually be harmful to the organizations and it may have negative impacts on the productivity of the employees as opposed to helping them to work better. On the other hand, positivity an d positive emotions are sure to bring better results for the organizations which look after the mental wellbeing of their employees as well as ensuring their physical safety (Diefendorff, Croyle Gosserand, 2005). What most companies fail to understand is that, even though pressure and stress can indeed help employees to perform well, for some time, the harms of it are immense and the long-term effects of these can prove to be negatively effective. Every employee of an organization has the ability to contribute to the organizational operations in either a positive or a negative way. It is essential for organizations to ensure that their employees can work in a stress-free, relaxed environment. It is a fact that the organization cannot possibly control or contain the personal problems that an employee faces or any issues that are related to the employees family (Gibson Callister, 2010). Feeling different emotions at work is inevitable and is a common thing for every employee. For this matter, it is normal that they would also be experiencing a surge of emotions every once in a while as well (H?lsheger Schewe, 2011). These emotions need to be channelized and made sure that only the productive parts of these emotions are put to use by the employees so that they can the most beneficial for the organisation from which both the parties can gain something. With negative emotions, there may be some serious problems that are faced by the stakeholders of any company. It is not only the employees themselves who are affected by the negative aspects of emotional labor, but entire teams and even the whole organisation may be adversely affected (Judge, Woolf Hurst, 2009). Positive and negative emotions must be kept at a balance, so that none of these have overwhelming effect on the employee. It must be remembered that no emotion in abundance can be good for anyone. With this in mind, both the aspects of emotions have to be maintained properly. Even too much positive emotions can cause harm to the employees by making more chances for employee exploitation. Every human being experiences different emotions. In most cases, these emotions are not revealed fully to others, some parts of those are always kept secrets as they are extremely personal. Deep acting is often described to explain these situations, where a person is thinking specifically and is focused upon a single emotion particularly. Deep acting can be disastrous when the basic emotions that are being felt by the employee are negative (Ashkanasy, Ayoko Jehn 2014). This would even effect how the employee behaves with, or treats, the customers as well as interactions with the people in the workplace. However, still, most of the time, people do not project these inner emotions or feelings to everyone around them. Most people try to hide their own emotions to meet some benchmarks and conform to a few social and work rules, which would cause hindrance in their lives if are not met with. Surface acting can mean that an individual is suppressing his or her true emotions and how the pe rson feels only because the societal norms dictate so (Humphrey Ashforth Diefendorff 2015). These repressed feelings can lead to a gradual worsening mental condition for people and may cause something that may not at all be anticipated either by the individual her/himself or the employer. Gender stereotyping the employees by having established notions within the organization that portray only the women as the emotionally vulnerable ones can lead to being blind to the obvious factors which are present in front of the eyes. It even makes the organizational management boards to overlook serious issues simply because it does not fit their own perception about emotions and feelings (Ashkanasy, Ayoko Jehn 2014). If these problems are not addressed properly, the organization can never hope to achieve the desired milestones that are set by the ideologies of the company. With positive emotions being the dominant attribute of the feelings of a person, the employee can witness better creativity and managerial skills at work and even enhance their regular productivity. with better and positive emotions, the employees can also garnet positive social support from the other colleagues and the senior management of the organization, which is a significant driver for the motivation of the employee (Seo Barrett, 2007). If the organization give recognition to the efforts of an employee and also rewards the same person for the work, there is a fair chance that that employee will be willing to work even harder in the future because of the rewards. Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions can be used in this case to further establish the better results that can be derived from positive emotions at the workplace over the negative ones. This theory suggests that positive emotions help a person to become a better employee by enhanced actions that are aimed towa rds the betterment of the self and the organisation (Gibson Callister, 2010). Employees have often been recorded to complain about how customers treat them. On busy days, when the pressure is immense on every employee, a witty customer who tries to be over-smart with humour may actually be taking up a lot of time, making it difficult for the employee to serve the other customers properly and meeting their needs. This may result in a lot of frustration for the employees and their productivity may be adversely affected by this. The airline industry has to face employee dissatisfaction on a regular basis. The airhosts and hostesses have to deal with various customers and some their behaviours often make it difficult for the employees to remain calm and work as they are required to (Williams, 2003). It is vital that they keep their emotions under control and continue with their job roles so that the company reputation is not hampered. There are some mechanisms that the organizations choose to make sure that emotions and negative feelings do not cause any disruptions at work. Organizations have to have a system and a work culture that helps the employees to feel relaxed and work without much pressure. Organizations must take steps and create certain corrective measures that would help to reduce the stress and emotion related problems in the workplace as much as possible (Williams, 2003). Some of these mechanisms are: Neutralising, Buffering, Prescribing, Normalising Through these steps and measures, the organizations try to understand the nature of the emotion of the employees after successfully understanding which of the employees are suffering from problems, which are emotional. They try to prevent the magnitudes and impacts of the emotions that cannot be avoided by any means. They help effectively separate emotions from work, successfully help the employees to express their emotions by taking some organization prescribed methods as well as be able to alter the negative feelings that the employee feels which are triggered by adverse emotions (Shockley et al. 2012). It is not enough for the organization itself to try to prevent the problems that are caused by negative emotions of the employees. Organisations must be able to make sure that the employees are not being buried with extra burden at the workplace and can still work efficiently for the company despite having personal problems (Sy, Ct Saavedra, 2005). The employees have to understand the fact that a contractual labour is a binding norm and the employee is sort of obligated to execute the tasks that are given by the organization. Whatever may be the personal problems an individual is facing, it has to be kept aside and the person has to adhere to the organizational norms and conform to the rules and regulations (Ashkanasy, Ayoko Jehn 2014). The employees can themselves identify the potential triggers for the emotional instability and try to keep those under control so that they do not become a serious problem with their work productivity and bring down the entire operations output of t he organization itself. It is not enough for the organisation itself to try to prevent the problems that are caused by negative emotions of the employees, rather coping with the sudden stress and tricky situations have to be devised by the employees themselves. Regulating the emotions must be attempted and achieved by the employees, so that their work is not hampered. Organisations must be able to make sure that the employees are not being buried with extra burden at the workplace and can still work efficiently for the company despite having personal problems (Sy, Ct Saavedra, 2005). The employees have to understand the fact that a contractual labour is a binding norm and the employee is sort of obligated to execute the tasks that are given by the organisation. Whatever may be the personal problems an individual is facing, it has to be kept aside and the person has to adhere to the organisational norms and conform to the rules and regulations (Ashkanasy, Ayoko Jehn 2014). The employees can themselves iden tify the potential triggers for the emotional instability and try to keep those under control so that they do not become a serious problem with their work productivity and bring down the entire operations output of the organisation itself. Conclusion From the above discussion it is clear that the emotions of the employees have significant influences upon how will their productivity be. Positive emotions help to increase the same and negative emotions bring productivity levels down. Organizations must ensure that the employees do not experience any sort of emotional pressure and can work in peace. The organization and the employees both have to work on how to manage the pressure so that they can all work together and the different strategies for that also have to studied and implemented properly. References Ashkanasy, N.M., Ayoko, O.B. Jehn, K.A., (2014). Understanding the physical environment of work and employee behavior: An affective events perspective.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(8), pp.1169-1184. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B. Halbesleben, J.R., (2015). Productive and counterproductive job crafting: A daily diary study.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,20(4), pp.457-469. Ashkanasy, N. M., Daus, C. S. 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